Saga
Buildings have been built in one place and reassembled in another throughout history. This was especially true for mobile activities, or for new settlements. Elmina kastalinn, the first þrælavirki in Vestur-Afríku, was also the first European prefabricated building in Afríka sunnan-Sahara.1: 93 In Norður Ameríka, in 1624 ein af fyrstu byggingunum at Cape Ann was probably partially prefabricated, and was rapidly disassembled and moved at least once. John Rollo described in 1801 earlier use of portable hospital buildings in the vestur Indía.2 Possibly the first advertised prefab house was the "Manning cottage". A London carpenter, Henry Manning, constructed a house that was built in components, then shipped and assembled by British emigrants. This was published at the time (advertisement, South Australian Record, 1837) and a few still stand in Australia.3 One such is the Friends Meeting House, Adelaide.45 The peak year for the importation of portable buildings to Australia was 1853, when several hundred arrived. These have been identified as coming from Liverpool, Boston and Singapore (with Chinese instructions for re-assembly).6 In Barbados the Lausahús was a form of prefabricated building which was developed by emancipated slaves who had limited rights to build upon land they did not own. As the buildings were moveable they were legally regarded as lausafé.7
In 1855 during the Krímstríðið, after Florence Nightingale wrote a letter to Tímarnir, Isambard Kingdom Brunel was commissioned to design a prefabricated modular hospital. In five months he designed the Renkioi sjúkrahúsið: 1,000 sjúklingasjúkrahús, með nýjungum í hreinlætisaðstöðu, loftræstingu og skolsalerni.8 Fabricator William Eassie constructed the required 16 units in Gloucester Docks, shipped directly to the Dardanellur. Aðeins notað frá mars 1856 til september 1857, lækkaði það dánartíðni úr 42 prósentum í 3,5 prósent.
The world's first prefabricated, pre-cast panelled apartment blocks were pioneered in Liverpool. A process was invented by city engineer John Alexander Brodie, whose inventive genius also had him inventing the football goal net. The tram stables at Walton in Liverpool followed in 1906. The idea was not extensively adopted in Britain, however was widely adopted elsewhere, particularly in Eastern Europe.
Prefabricated homes were produced during the Gullæði in the United States, when kits were produced to enable Californian prospectors to quickly construct accommodation. Homes were available in kit form by mail order in the United States in 1908.9
Prefabricated housing was popular during the Seinni heimstyrjöldin due to the need for mass accommodation for military personnel. The United States used Quonset kofar as military buildings, and in the United Kingdom prefabricated buildings used included Nissen skálar and Bellman flugskýli. 'Prefabs' were built after the war as a means of quickly and cheaply providing quality housing as a replacement for the housing destroyed during Blitsinn. The proliferation of prefabricated housing across the country was a result of the Burt nefnd and the Lög um húsnæði (tímabundin gisting) 1944. Under the Atvinnumálaráðuneytið Neyðarverksmiðja framleidd housing programme, a specification was drawn up and bid on by various private construction and manufacturing companies. After approval by the MoW, companies could bid on Council led development schemes, resulting in whole estates of prefabs constructed to provide accommodation for those made homeless by the War and ongoing úthreinsun fátækrahverfa.10 Almost 160,000 had been built in the UK by 1948 at a cost of close to £216 million. The largest single prefab estate in Britain11 was at Belle Vale (South Liverpool), where more than 1,100 were built after World War 2. The estate was demolished in the 1960s amid much controversy as the prefabs were very popular with residents at the time.
Prefabs were aimed at families, and typically had an entrance hall, two bedrooms (parents and children), a bathroom (a room with a bath) — which was a novel innovation for many Britons at that time, a separate toilet, a living room and an equipped (not komið fyrir in the modern sense) kitchen. Construction materials included steel, aluminium, timber or asbest, depending on the type of dwelling. The aluminium Tegund B2 prefab was produced as four pre-assembled sections which could be transported by lorry anywhere in the country.12
The Universal House (pictured left lounge diner right) was given to the Chiltern útisafnið after 40 years temporary use. The Mark 3 was manufactured by the Universal Housing Company Ltd, Rickmansworth.
The United States used prefabricated housing for troops during the war and for GIs returning home. Forsmíðaður classrooms were popular with UK schools increasing their rolls during the baby boom of the 1950s and 1960s.
Many buildings were designed with a five-ten year life span, but have far exceeded this, with a number surviving today. In 2002, for example, the city of Bristol still had residents living in 700 examples.13 Many UK councils have been in the process of demolishing the last surviving examples of Second World War prefabs in order to comply with the British government's Decent Homes Standard, sem tók gildi árið 2010. Hins vegar hefur nýlega verið endurvakning í forsmíðaðri byggingaraðferðum til að bæta upp núverandi húsnæðisskort í Bretlandi.þarf tilvitnun
Prefabs og móderníska hreyfingin
Arkitektar eru að fella nútímalega hönnun inn í einingahús nútímans. Forsmíðað húsnæði ætti ekki lengur að bera saman við húsbíla hvað útlit varðar, heldur við flókna móderníska hönnun.14 There has also been an increase in the use of "green" materials in the construction of these prefab houses. Consumers can easily select between different environmentally friendly finishes and wall systems. Since these homes are built in parts, it is easy for a home owner to add additional rooms or even solar panels to the roofs. Many prefab houses can be customized to the client's specific location and climate, making prefab homes much more flexible and modern than before.
There is a tíðaranda or stefna in architectural circles and the spirit of the age favors the small kolefnisfótspor of "prefab".
Skilvirkni
The process of building pre-fabricated buildings has become so efficient in China that a builder in Changsha built a ten-hæð building in 28 hours and 45 minutes.15 16
Í kommúnistalöndum
Many eastern European countries had suffered physical damage during Seinni heimsstyrjöldin and their economies were in a very poor state. There was a need to reconstruct cities which had been severely damaged due to the war. For example, Varsjá had been practically razed to the ground under the planned destruction of Warsaw by German forces after the 1944 Uppreisn í Varsjá. The centre of Dresden, Þýskalandi, hafði verið gjöreyðilagt með sprengjuárás bandamanna 1945. Stalíngrad hafði verið eyðilagt að mestu og aðeins lítill fjöldi mannvirkja stóð eftir.
Prefabricated buildings served as an inexpensive and quick way to alleviate the massive housing shortages associated with the wartime destruction and large-scale þéttbýlismyndun and sveitaflug.
Forsmíðaðar atvinnuhúsnæði
.jpg)
McDonalds uses prefabricated structures for their buildings, and set a record of constructing a building and opening for business within 13 hours (on pre-prepared ground works).17
In the UK, the major supermarkets have each developed a modular unit system to shop building, based on the systems developed by German cost retailer Alda and the Danish supermarket chain Nettó.18